anodal

The unipolar (anodal) electrode (28 gauge) varnished except at the tip was lowered stereotaxically in predetermined sites using coordinates from Paxinos and Watson.

In a crossover controlled trial on ten AD patients, a single session of anodal tDCS was applied over the left DLPFC and left temporal cortex and showed an enhancement on the visual recognition memory (VRM) task.

ACh 2% w/v (Sigma Chemical Co., USA) iontophoresis was performed using a micropharmacology system (PF 751 PeriIont USB Power Supply, Perimed, Sweden) with increasing anodal currents of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mA, which were administered for 10-s intervals spaced 1 min apart.

There are two types of stimulation: anodal stimulation acts to excite neuronal activity and cathodal stimulation has hyperpolarizing effects, inhibiting neuronal activity [10, 11].

Anodal tDCS may have therefore enhanced compensatory activation of the left DLPFC, leading to increased neural activity of frontal functions that were associated with improved memory performance in PD-MCI.

It has also been demonstrated that anodal tDCS applied to the motor cortex can produce significant analgesic effects in the presence of temporal summation-induced plasticity affecting pain pathways, reinforcing the hypothesis that tDCS can act through the modulation of endogenous topdown mechanisms of pain control [122].

However, the cathodal or anodal electrotaxis is cell-type dependent and most ofthe cell types are recruited to the cathodal pole of the EF [38-43].

The DCS supplies a weak electrical current of 1 or 2 mA to the brain via two surface electrodes on the head skin to facilitate (anodal stimulation) or inhibit (cathodal stimulation) cortical excitability of the stimulated brain area [5].

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex enhances complex verbal associative thought.

A deviation forwards is noted in monopolar stimulation with cathodes alone, whereas with anodal stimulation, a backward deviation is observed.

They reported that cathodal tDCS (but not anodal) increased the number of endogenous NPCs within the cortex (outside their normal in vivo subependyma niche) [75].