kulak

Time and again, regional authorities reminded the Khortitsa district soviet that there were serious problems in the Khortitsa national district: it had been identified as one of the worst districts for kulak resistance; the Mennonite community was still under the control of its religious leaders; and many of the Mennonite poor and middle peasants refused to identify kulaks or participate in class warfare.

It was announced that the failure of collectivization was due to sabotage by "kulaks." These were the more prosperous peasants.

In the first group, one finds the study of the special settlements system of the 1930s linked to the history of the Russian peasantry, especially collectivization, and to the subsequent "dekulakization" and resettlement of the "kulaks." In a veiled form, the historiography of "kulak exile" began in the 1960s, and the late 1980s witnessed a boom in historical studies and popular works on this topic.

Those who had been deported as "bandits," "accomplices of bandits," "members of a bandit's family," and "relatives of kulaks" did not receive the same treatment by the Soviet authorities.

on all the candidates to ensure that no kulaks or experts ran in the

00447, titled "About operations for the repression of former kulaks, criminals, and other anti-Soviet elements;" the fate of Stalin's sons; implementation of the 1947 anti-theft law by the criminal justice system; and the dynamics of Afghanistan policy in the Gorbachev era.

Lenin's widow Krupskaia urged Iagoda to provide aid to the children of kulaks; Pravda, she said, had rejected an article about their plight ("no facts").

OGPU troikas started arresting kulaks, however, only in January 1930.

When Alexander was 21, he learned that his family had been forcibly deported as kulaks. The family sought contact with Alexander, pleading with him for help from their distant place of exile in the Urals.

They seized property which had been stripped from peasants labeled as kulaks and dispossessed, returning it to its owners.

USSR, writes: "To kill [the kulaks, the Bolsheviks]

Ordering the confiscation of the property of the Orthodox Church, he ordered all priests who resisted shot - "the more the better." With regard to the kulaks, or propertied peasants, his instructions were clear: "Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred."