pericarp

In many cypselae (or achenes) species, the pericarp restricts embryo growth by two main ways: mechanical restriction and/or chemical inhibition.

These variables were grouped into two categories: i) Flower traits: number of petals (mm, NP), length of petals (mm, LP), number of sepals (mm, NS), length of sepals (mm, LS), length of staminal column (mm, LSC) and length of the flower style (mm, LFS); and ii) Fruit size and shape traits: chroma (Chr), luminosity (LM), hue (FH), average fruit weight (g, WF), fruit diameter (mm, FD), fruit length (mm, FL), pericarp thickness (mm; PTk), locule number (LN) and fruit shape index (relationship diameter/length).

The seeds were dried for 60 days at room temperature before removing the pericarp, prior to further analysis.

The clusters were harvested using the pericarp's subjective color criteria, when the pericarp presented 50% of the fruits at the mature maturity stage, that is, totally yellow fruits with no whitish scores (Amaral et al., 2011).

Exocarp is the cutinized layer of epidermal cells forming the outer layer of the pericarp. It may bear stomata and/or tanniniferous cells (Von Teichman & Hardy, 1992).

Antioxidant properties of anthocyanins extracted from litchi (Litchi chinenesis Sonn.) fruit pericarp tissues in relation to their role in the pericarp browning.

On the other hand, the pericarp layer of monogerm beet fruits is much thicker than in the case of multigerm ones, which negatively influences seed germination, especially during moisture and temperature stress (Rochalska and Orzeszko-Rywka, 2008).

Outer skin, pericarp is smooth and is green in un-ripe mangoes but turns in ripe fruits into golden yellow, crimson red, yellow or orange-red depending upon the cultivar type.

Fruit injuries were 5 mm in diameter, concentrated in the pericarp (shell) and in the initial portion of the mesocarp (pulp), while no attacks on seeds were observed.

High-quality canned tomatoes and fruits such as pears, peaches, and apricots are usually peeled to remove the outer pericarp layer (i.e., the skin).

Meanwhile, characteristics such as leaf length (cm) (Figure 3), inflorescence length (cm) (Figure 5), number of flowers per spike/inflorescence (Figure 7), conversion rate from fresh to dried white pepper (Figure 14), pericarp thickness (mm) (Figure 15), and seed diameter (mm) (Figure 16) have five significant groups.