Pluteus

On the nature of the process of fertilization and the artificial production of normal larvae (plutei) from the unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin.

Vaughn, "Abrupt change in food environment induces cloning in plutei of Dendraster excentricus," Biological Bulletin, vol.

VII 1230), L = Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plutei 40.19, R = Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, 1004.

Briefly, dry sperm was diluted in ASW at a ratio of 1:1,000, added to ASW-washed eggs at a sperm-to-egg ratio of 15,000:1, and incubated in 10 mL polystyrene multiwell dishes until plutei larvae were obtained (72 h, 18[degrees]C, in the dark).

All embryonic stages and the first larval stage are pre-nervous, with the first neurons arising at the prism 2 stage and the plutei possessing the larval nervous system.

Plutei use ciliary bands on feeding arms to capture particulate food.

data), such that their feeding rates are relatively low compared with other plutei. Large egg size, independence from larval food, and relatively low feeding rate evolved before altered larval development (at least, in Brisaster).

In contrast, AA-DMAE and DHA-DMAE, which penetrate the cell membrane (55), provided complete protection from chlorpyrifos throughout all the sensitive developmental stages, including late larval stages (prisms and plutei).

The three transcription factors found to be most highly over-expressed in underfed, 38-day-old 6-arm plutei compared to their well-fed 13-day-old counterparts were CREB, Elk, and FoxJ1 (Fig.

FA addition thus allowed for obtaining either embryos with a decreased cellular disorder or embiyos resembling prisms and plutei. The result of this experiment gives significant evidence of the protective effect of FA on oligomeric rA[beta]42-induced toxicity on sea urchin embryo.

purpuratus plutei experienced a significant decrease in total length at 72 and 144 h post fertilization (hpf), but the authors (Yu et al., 2011) could not determine whether this reduced size was due to slower growth (potentially via metabolic depression and/or increased costs of calcification) or developmental delay.