Keywords: Surfactant protein-D, COPD,
Cotinine, Biomarker, Sex difference.
* NHANES includes a home interview and physical examination at a mobile examination center where biologic specimens are collected for laboratory testing, including serum
cotinine, an indicator of recent nicotine exposure (4,5).
The most important and reliable biologic indicator of nicotine is
cotinine in smokers and individuals who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (16).
Introd uction: To ascertain the benefit of adding urinary
cotinine testing to self-reported tobacco use in identifying tobacco use among pregnant patients and associations with birth outcomes.
One such biomarker is
cotinine (e.g., Higgins et al., 2004; Tidey et al, 2011).
In NHANES, covariates were obtained from the questionnaire (age, race/ethnicity, gender, smoking, asthma, COPD, wheeze, antiinflammatory medication usage), from laboratory analyses (
cotinine, atopy), and from physical examination (height, weight).
A new study also reports the presence of significant nicotine on the hands of children was associated with equally significant levels of the harmful tobacco metabolite
cotinine in saliva.
Urine samples were collected in aseptic plastic containers to measure urinary levels of
cotinine [17] and creatinine [18], with subsequent mathematical calculation of the
cotinine creatinine ratio (CCR), and then supernatant was carefully collected after centrifugation for 20 minutes at 2000-3000 rpm.