litre

For instance, Columbia University introduced the picoliter fluid dispensation technology.

"Superflash freezing" was realized with droplet sizes below 40 picoliter.

Opte does so through four proprietary technologies: blue LED scan lights maximize the contrast in skin melanin as its scans, the camera optics to see up to 3x more pigmentation than the eye can, allowing both visible spots and not yet noticeable spots to be detected; an integrated digital camera that captures 200 skin images per second, resulting in approximately 24,000 pictures of skin analyzed with each use; an algorithm that microprocesses 70,000 lines of code to determine the size, shape and intensity of the spot in contrast to the adjacent surrounding skin; and a micro serum-jet printer with 120 thermal inkjet nozzles that deposit 1,000 picoliter droplets of Opte's Optimizing Serum to achieve precise coverage.

The characterization of droplets is critical to the development of accepted standards for droplet-based microfluidics, and even though many techniques exist, such as high-speed imaging, photometry, pressure sensing, calorimetry, radiolabeling, gravimetric methods, amplification methods, fluorescence, ratiometric methods, hybrid methods, and others, there is no one accepted standard for addressing "small" (nanoliter or picoliter) volumes.

(17) also investigated prognostic implications, but their picoliter ddPCR method was different from ours, and their reported mutation detection rate (32%) was very different from ours.

The Helix rotary inkjet printer achieves a superior balance between speed and image quality due to its patented Helix software which places 7 picoliter drops of ink precisely along the cylinder at extremely high speed.

--Precision Digital Dispensing of Patterned Picoliter Quantities of Test Material onto Apical Surfaces of Human 3D-Reconstructed Airway Tissues Correlation of Two In Vitro EpiOcular Test Methods and Consumer Eye Irritation Data for Cleaning Products

When it comes to the nanochannel, the volume is in the order of a nanoliter or picoliter! We are literally taking molecules instead of wasting blood." He goes on to add, "Even some rare diseases which are otherwise hard to detect, can be detected using this low cost, accurate and portable nanofluidic point of care testing device.

Sensitive mutation detection in heterogeneous cancer specimens by massively parallel picoliter reactor sequencing.